<p>The Guzman Water Catchment is a historic private water supply structure in the rural Nalao area of the village of Barrigada in the United States territory of Guam. It is a roughly rectangular structure, measuring 4.4 x, with an open top. It is fashioned out of locally gathered stone joined with lime-cement mortar. It was built in 1910 by Baldobino Charfauros on family-owned land, and is one of the oldest surviving rural catchment basins on the island. It is further distinguished from other catchment basins in that it has a substantial floor. These types of structures made it possible for Guamanian families to live on rural holdings where water access was otherwise a significant problem.</p><br>
<p>The structure was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1994.</p><br>
<p>The Norridgewock Free Public Library is the principal public library of Norridgewock, Maine. It has two facilities: the main branch at 40 Mercer Road, and a smaller branch at the corner of Sophie May Lane and Madison Road. The latter building was the librarys first building, and is an architecturally distinguished Greek Revival structure built in 1841. It was given to the town in 1903 by Rebecca Sophia Clarke, best known as a writer of childrens literature under the pen name "Sophie May", and is listed on the National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<h2>Sophie May Branch architecture and history</h2><br>
<p>The Sophie May Branch Library is set near the southwest corner of Sophie May Lane and Madison Road (Maine State Route 8/United States Route 201A), between Sophie May Lane and the Kennebec River. It is a single story brick building, finished with wood and granite trim. Its north-facing main facade is three bays wide, and has a projecting gable end supported by Doric columns at the corners, with a center entry vestibule that is flush to the gable end. A wood frame addition extends behind and to the west of the main block.</p><br>
<p>Built in 1841, this building is one of Norridgewock&#39;s better-preserved Greek Revival buildings. It was built by John S. Abbott, a prominent local lawyer who used it as his office. It was owned during the 19th century by a succession of lawyers, the last being Stephen Decatur Lindsey, who was married to the sister of Rebecca Sophia Clarke. Clarke, a Norridgewock native who lived nearby, inherited the building, and donated it to the town for use as a library in 1903. The library, now a municipal function, has its origins in a lending society established in 1810.</p><br>
<p>The Redlands Santa Fe Depot District is a historic commercial district located in downtown Redlands. The district is centered on Redlands Santa Fe Railway depot, which was established in 1888. The current station building, a Classical Revival structure, was built in 1909 to replace the original depot. The buildings surrounding the station represent many of the important components of the citys economy, particularly the orange packing industry. Several packing houses remain from the citys heyday as an orange packing center, forming one of the largest remaining groups of orange packing houses in the Inland Empire. A number of the other buildings were used by growers associations and other groups in the citrus industry. The district also includes three buildings from the city&#39;s historic Chinatown, which thrived from the 1880s through the 1920s after Chinese immigrants came to Redlands to build the railroad.</p><br>
<p>The district was added to the National Register of Historic Places on October 29, 1991.</p><br>
<p>A new railway station may be constructed for the Redlands Passenger Rail Project near the original Santa Fe Depot.</p><br>
<p>The Kordin Temples are a group of megalithic temples on Corradino Heights in Paola, Malta. The temples were inhabited from pre-history, by Phoenicians and then by the Greeks and Roman periods. In the 17th century the site belonged to Giovanni Francesco Abela. He had excavated several sites in the whereabouts, and had his country residence in the area. He had originally planned to write his will to the Order, but eventually left his villa, that was used as Malta&#39;s first museum, known as Museo di San Giacomo, and the surrounding lands to the Jesuits. The land still belonged to the Jesuits, until their expulsion in the 18th century by the Order when all their land and property was taken by the treasury. The site was escavated during the Order of St. John on the order of Grand Master Manuel Pinto da Fonseca by archeologist Gio Antonio Barbaro. The temples were then extensively excavated by Sir Themistocles Zammit during the British period.</p><br>
<p>Originally there were three temple complexes, but two of these have been destroyed, and only the site of Kordin III survives. The remains were included on the Antiquities List of 1925.</p><br>
<p>The temples are located on a plateau overlooking the Grand Harbour, originally called Kortin during the Order of St. John and now Kordin or Corradino. Other megalithic sites in the vicinity include the Hypogeum of Ħal-Saflieni and the Tarxien Temples.</p><br>
<h2>Kordin I</h2><br>
<p>Kordin I was located on a terrace on the west slopes of Corradino Heights, overlooking Marsa. It consisted of small and irregular rooms, and was poorly preserved when it was discovered. It was first surveyed in the 1880s. The first excavations were made by Antonio Annetto Caruana, and were continued under Themistocles Zammit in 1908, and Thomas Ashby and Thomas Eric Peet in 1909.</p><br>
<p>The temple was open to the elements and aerial bombardment during World War II. Virtually nothing remained by the 1950s, and the temple was completely obliterated after an industrial estate was built on the site in the 1960s.</p><br>
<h2>Kordin II</h2><br>
<p>Kordin II was located on the northern extent of Corradino, 137 metres away from Kordin I. It was used throughout the entire temple period, since pottery from all phases was found at the site. The chronology was difficult to figure out, and whether the entire building could be dated to the temple period is debatable.</p><br>
<p>The first investigations of Kordin II were undertaken by Cesare Vassallo in 1840. The site was first excavated properly by Antonio Annetto Caruana in 1892, and excavation work continued by Albert Mayer in 1901 and was finished by Thomas Ashby and Thomas Eric Peet in 1908 and 1909.</p><br>
<p>Part of the temple was destroyed by the Royal Engineers in 1871 to make way for the ditch of the Corradino Lines, before excavation even began. The temple was further damaged by aerial bombardment during World War II, and no remains of the temple could be seen by the 1950s. In the 1960s, the site was built up as an industrial estate.</p><br>
<h2>Kordin III</h2><br>
<p>Kordin III is the only temple on Corradino whose remains have survived. It is located just outside the Corradino Lines, close to the Church of St. Anthony of Padua and Mariam Al-Batool Mosque.</p><br>
<h3>Site</h3><br>
<p>The Kordin III complex consists of two temples. The larger one has a standard 3-apse plan, typical of Ġgantija phase design. The temple has a concave facade, with the forecourt and entrance passage to the central court being stone-paved. This stone paving is unique to Kordin III, as this has not been found in any other temples of Malta. Behind the temple are some small rooms, which were possibly used as storerooms but could have also been an irregular minor temple. The first part of the temple is believed to have been built in around 3700 BC, during the Mġarr phase. Most of the structure dates back to the Ġgantija phase, and the complex was still in use during the Tarxien phase, when the facade was rebuilt. The site is believed to have been abandoned in around 2500 BC.</p><br>
<p>A 2.75 metre-long trough was found lying across the entrance to the temples left apse, and this is generally considered as the most notable feature of the site. The trough has seven deep transverse grooves produced by grinding. It is made of hard limestone brought from over 2 kilometres away so it is highly probable that it was for grinding corn (a multiple quern) and contemporary with the temple, rather than for grinding deffun&#39;, the traditional Maltese roofing material, which would make it considerably more recent.</p><br>
<h3>Excavations and recent history</h3><br>
<p>The site was cleared from debris by Cesare Vassallo in the 1870s. Antonio Annetto Caruana discovered further clusters of megalithic monuments in the area in 1882, and the site was properly excavated by Thomas Ashby and Thomas Eric Peet in 1909. Other excavations were undertaken by John Davies Evans in 1953 and by David Trump in 1961.</p><br>
<p>A walled enclosure was built around the temple in 1925, and it is kept locked to give it maximum protection. Like Kordin I and II, the temple was also damaged in World War II, but its remains were not built over after the war and can still be seen today.</p><br>
<p>Although in poor condition, the temple is one of the most complete of the minor temples. In 2009, the viability of extending the World Heritage listing to Kordin III was examined.</p><br>
<p>New excavations of the area around the temple began in 2015 by Caroline Malone and a team of students from the University of Malta.</p><br>
<p>The site was managed by Fondazzjoni Wirt Artna until 2016, when it was handed to Heritage Malta. It is open to the public by appointment.</p><br>
<p>Lost Lake is a shallow closed-basin lake in the Willamette National Forest 29 km southwest of Mount Jefferson and east of Santiam Junction, Oregon, United States.</p><br>
<p>Geologically, much of the area surrounding the lake is lava bed created during a period of volcanic activity around 1000 BCE in the Cascade Range of Oregon.</p><br>
<p>Water levels on the lake change significantly over the seasons; in spring, autumn, and winter the lake is a popular fishing location, but during the summer the lake drains completely through lava tube drain holes in the bottom of the lake. Open lava tubes are scattered around the region, and the nearby Fish Lake (44.40122&deg;N latitude, 122.01377&deg;W longitude) is another lake with underwater drain holes. and used heavy machinery to carve holes elsewhere in the lakebed to keep some water from draining out. A research project in 2003 inferred that the water goes through the lava tubes into Clear Lake 9.5 km southwest.</p><br>
<p>Brodnica Castle - a well fortificated castle in Brodnica.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The castle is built in a square formation. The four wings of the castle surrounded the central courtyard. A 54-metre tower provides an entrance to the second floor of the castle. In the corners of the castle, are small look-out towers, which stick out from the castles square shape. The castle basements were used as utility rooms. The underground rooms performed various functions: a chapel, refectory, chapter house, infirmary, chamber of the commander and other specialised rooms. Entries to them lead to the gallery surrounding the courtyard. The second floor includes from the side of the courtyard magazines and a granary, and an additional defensive porch within castle walls. By the main tower there is a gate to which access was provided by a former drawbridge. It was a key part of the castles defense complex. The pre-castle fortification was placed between the town and the castle.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The building of the Teutonic castle in Brodnica began in the fourteenth century, taking almost a hole century to complete. In 1466, the castle complex became part of the Kingdom of Poland. After the fire in 1550, the rebuilding of the castle was done so by the Starosta Rafał Działyński. During the Swedish-Polish Wars the castle began to turn into ruins. In 1785, King Frederick II of Prussia ordered do dismantle the ruins, but his orders were soon stopped by Frederick Wilhelm IV. The fate of the palace of Anna Wazówna was sealed by a fire in 1945.</p><br>
<p>The palace was rebuilt in the 1960s. Currently, the castle houses a museum, and the palace a library.</p><br>
<p>The Gov. Israel Washburn House is a historic house at 120 Main Street in Orono, Maine. Built in 1840, it is architecturally significant as a fine local example of Greek Revival architecture, and is historically significant as the long-time home of Governor of Maine Israel Washburn, Jr. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1973.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>The Washburn House is located on the east side of Main Street (United States Route 2), on a residential stretch of that road south of downtown Orono that is lined with 19th-century houses. It is a 2-1/2 story wood frame structure, with a front-gable roof, and a granite foundation. A two-story gabled wing extends northward from the rear of the main block, and there is a carriage house at the rear of the property. Most of the house is sheathed in clapboards; the front facade and the front-facing part of the wing are finished in flushboarding. The building corners are pilastered, supporting an entablature that rings the house. The front facade has a single-story porch supported by Doric columns, with a low balustrade above. The front facade of the wing has a projecting bay with paneled corners and full-height windows, and is also topped by a balcony with a similar balustrade. Windows on the ground floor of the main facade and south side are full length, with more standard-sized sash windows elsewhere. The entrance is in the left bay of the three-bay front, flanked by sidelight windows and pilasters. The interior retains period woodwork and hardware, including original oak floors with inlaid mahogany, and two fine black marble fireplaces.</p><br>
<p>The house was built in 1840 by Israel Washburn, Jr., not long after his marriage, and was his home until 1863. Washburn was born into a politically prominent family, entered the legislature in 1851, and served two terms as Governor of Maine during the American Civil War. He was appointed Collector of the Port of Portland by President Abraham Lincoln in 1863, a post he held until his retirement in 1877. He is best known for his prominent and vocal stance against the expansion of slavery.</p><br>
<p>Toszek Castle - a Renaissance styled castle, located in Toszek (23 km away from Gliwice, Silesian Voivodeship in Poland.</p><br>
<h2>History and the people</h2><br>
<p>The history of the castle dates back to the tenth-eleventh century, when an early defensive castle was located on the castles grounds. The castle was built two centuries later, in about the year 1222. When the Kingdom of Poland was under feudal fragmentation, the castle housed the following Silesian dukes and castellans. The most important part of the castles being, was that under the rule of Duke Przemysław Toszecki, of the Oświęcim family line. After his death the castle became of property of the Dukes of Opole. In the sixteenth century, the castle was the property of the Habsburgs. Which gave the castle to do Redernów family, which they bought in 1592. In between 1638-1707 the castle was ruled by the Colonna family, which had made a full-scale reconstruction of the castle - by which the castle became a magnate residence, the first one in Upper Silesia. The followin owners were: Johann Dietrich von Peterswald, Count Franciszek Karol Kotuliński, Posadowski family, and finally Adolf von Eichendorff.</p><br>
<p>In 1797, the castle was sold to Count Franciszek Adam Gaschinów. Shortly after, in 1811, the castle burned down and became a ruin. In 1840 the ruins were bought by Abraham Guradze, and the Guradze family maintained possession of the castle until World War II, when Abraham&#39;s great-grandson Count Kurt von Guradze bequeathed the castle to the youth of Poland. The castle was finally partially rebuilt in the 1950s and 1960s. Today, the castle houses a centre of culture, and a primary wedding celebration venue.</p><br>
<p>The Ebenezer Monument is a commemorative monument and marker placed at the corner of 9th and Church Streets, adjacent to the First Baptist Church in Mena, Arkansas. It is a tapered square structure of fieldstone and cement, about 12 ft high and 5 ft long on each side at the base. It has concrete panels on each side, three with engravings, and is topped by a pyramidal concrete cap. The monument was placed in 1935 as part of a campaign to galvanize local opposition to the controversial Commonwealth College, which was accused of teaching Communism and other evils. Local opposition contributed to the schools eventual closure in 1940. The monuments name is derived from a Bible verse inscribed on one of the panels: Ebenezer of First Baptist Church/"Hitherto Hath The Lord Helped Us" - I Samuel 7: 12/Sunday, June 14, 1936. The monument contains a time capsule, which is to be opened every 50 years. In 1986 the original time capsule was opened, and its contents replaced by new materials.</p><br>
<p>The monument was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1992.</p><br>
<p>Herjolfsfjord was the Norse name of a fjord in Greenland where one of their major homesteads was located. The fjord is approximately 50 km northwest of Cape Farewell and is now called Narssap Sarqa.</p><br>
<h2>Norse period</h2><br>
<p>The name Herjolfsfjord was in honour of Herjolf Bardsson, one of the founding chieftains of the Norse colony in Greenland established circa 985 AD, as recounted in the Greenlanders Saga and The Landnámabók. Herjolfs homestead, Herjolfsnes, was located on the western shoreline of the fjords end, facing the open ocean. The other chieftains favoured the heads of fjords, inland and away from the ocean, where farming conditions were better, which suggests that Herjolf was more interested in establishing a port-of-call than farming. Herjolfsfjord was the southern- and easternmost extent of major Norse homesteading in Greenland. Archeologists have identified 8 other smaller Norse sites on the fjord, about half on each side.</p><br>
<h2>Modern period</h2><br>
<p>The modern Greenlandic name of the fjord is Narssap Sarqa, with the northwest fork called Amitsuarssuk. It features one community, Narsarmijit (sometimes appearing on maps as Narsaq Kujalleq and formerly Frederiksdal), located on the eastern shoreline about 3 km across the fjord from the ruins of the old Herjolfsnes homestead. The Herjolfsnes site later became known by Inuit Greenlanders as Ikigait, but is now uninhabited.</p><br>
<h2>Details</h2><br>
<p>The fjord is approximately 16 km long, about two-thirds of which extends north from the ocean end (59.986577, -44.692687) up to a fork, then turning northwest further inland for approximately 5 km, to the fjord&#39;s head (60.125168, -44.754610).</p><br>
<p>The C.E. Foster House is a historic house on Skyline Drive  in Queen Wilhelmina State Park, located in central western Arkansas. It is a rustic stone structure, with two parts connected by a breezeway, located just outside the park entrance on the north side of the highway. It was built in 1931 by Carlos Hill and Phil Lance, and sold soon afterward to C. E. Foster, an Oklahoma oil businessman, who bought it for use as a summer house. It is one of four houses built by Hill on Rich Mountain, and is the best-preserved of the two that survive. In the 1960s the house was operated as a tourist attraction known as the "Wonder House&quot it was taken over by the state in 1971.</p><br>
<p>The house was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1993.</p><br>
<p>The Castle of the Masovian Dukes is a Gothic castle located in Czersk , Masovian Voivodeship in Poland. The castle was built on the turning point of the fourteenth and fifteenth century.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The Masovian dukes castle in Czersk was built on the turning point of the fourteenth and fifteenth century, by Duke Janusz I. When the Masovian land became part of the Kingdom of Poland - which was under the rule of Queen Bona Sforza. Primarily, the castle had three towers, one of them - being four-sided, was used as the main gate house.</p><br>
<p>During the war with the Swedes, in 1656, the castle became partly ruined. The retreating land army, close to Warta, under Stefan Czarnieckis commandhad captured the stronghold and had devastated it. The castle went through a reconstruction between 1762–1766, when Marszałek Franciszek Bieliński had commanded the reconstruction of the stronghold. However, due to the Prussian Partition, the Prussian leader had ordered for the demolition of the castles defense walls, reducing the stronghold&#39;s military importance. From that time, nobody had every again took on the reconstruction of the castle. From the once mighty stronghold, all of the towers; a brick bridge from the eighteenth century; and the north and east wing of the castle had all survived.</p><br>
<p>Golub-Dobrzyń Castle - a four-wing conventional Teutonic castle built on the turning point of the thirteenth and fourteenth century, built on a hill - as a look-out point over the whole town of Golub-Dobrzyń; kept in a Gothic-Renaissance architectural style. The castle is located in Golub-Dobrzyń .</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The strongholds construction began on the turning point of the thirteenth and fourteenth century. In the fourteenth century, King Władysław I Łokietek of Poland tried to gain the stronghold into his realm. In 1408, the castle was a guest to the Grand Master Ulrich von Jungingen. In 1422, the castle was destroyed by an army of the Kingdom of Poland. During the years of 1611-1625, the castle was of the ownership of Anna Wazówna (a Polish and Swedish princess), it was the castles truest time of magnificence. During the time of the Swedish Deluge, the castle was damaged and began to go into decline. In the years of 1941-1944, the courtyards were used as a training base for the Hitlerjugend. After the Second World War the castle undergone restoration works - which were conducted in between 1947-1953. All ruins were rebuilt between 1959–1966 and further historical adaptations of the castle were completed in 2006. Today, the castle is used as a region museum, housing a vast collection of militaristic exhibits.</p><br>
<p>Bolków Castle - a castle located in Bolków on the Castle Hill , with a 396 metres, where the hillside is cut by the Nysa Szalona river, with a sharp precipice ; the eastern side of the hill gradually lowers, taken up by the town. The castle is an upland stronghold, covering an area of 7600 m². The castle is located in Bolków , Lower Silesian Voivodeship; in Poland.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>First mentions of the castle come from 1277, from the time of the reign of Bolesław II Rogatka, Duke of Legnica. The castles current shape was only done so by various constructions in the sixteenth century, the famous Silesian architect Jakub Parr brought elements of the Renaissance into the castles fortifications. After the construction and expansion, the castle had a total area of 7600 m², making it one of the largest castles in Silesia. In 1703, the castle in Bolków was bought by Cistercian monks from Krzeszów. After the laicisation of monastic property, the castle went to the State Treasury of Poland.</p><br>
<p>The monumental Piast dynasty castle in Bolków is one of the largest fortresses of the Świdnica-Jawor Duchy. This stronghold, erected in the 13th century, defended nearby trade routes. Its monumental walls are still very impressive, stirring the imagination. This fortress is testimony to the dramatic history of this part of Central Europe.</p><br>
<p>Castle of the Pomeranian Dukes - the only Gothic castle located on the coast of the Baltic Sea in Poland. The castles formation is close to that of a square, with a tower measuring 24 metres in height. The castles construction began in 1352, in the reign of Bogusław V, who&#39;s reign began the alliance with the Hanseatic League. In the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries the castle was used as a warehouse and a prison. Since 1930, the castle was turned into a museum.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The Castle of the Pomeranian Dukes, built in the second half of the fourteenth century; in 1352. The castle was built during the reign of Bogusław V and Elżbieta - daughter of Casimir III the Great. Although this was only a secondary residence of the House of Pomerania, the castle was enlarged and modernised in the fifteenth and sixteenth century, becoming a worth royal residence. The town of Darłowo was given the title of The Royal City of Darłowo (Królewskie Miasto Darłowo, Polish)</p><br>
<p>The greatest expansion of the castle was done under the reign of Eric of Pomerania, who rebuilt the castle to that of the design of his previous residence, Kronborg Castle. He had also modernised the castles defensive fortifications, and built a second defence line, in the form of dikes around the castle. The following expansion of the castle was done under the reign of Duke Bogusław X. When a new wing was built. The next changes were done by Duke Barnim XI. After a great fire, which devastated the castle in 1624, the last Duke of the House of Pomerania, Bogusław XIV, had rebuilt the castle. However, he did not restore the castle to its original architectural style. The castle had lost many of its defences, and a chapel was built inside the Duke Hall. After the dukes death, his widow, Duchess Elżbieta, took over the castle, who lived with him until death.</p><br>
<p>Janowiec Castle - a Renaissance castle built in between 1508–1526, on a steep Vistulan hillside in Janowiec , Lublin Voivodeship, in Poland.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The castle was first mentioned in 1537. It is most likely that the castle was built by Mikołaj Firlej at the beginning of the sixteenth century, while the castle was expanded by his son, Piotr, the Voivode of the Ruski Voivodeship. The bastion, used as a residence, was destroyed by the Swedish army in 1655 during The Deluge. Although the following owners of the castle did their very best to rebuild the castle, the castle never managed to regain its former glory. In 1928, an archaeologist, Leon Kozłowski had taken over the castle, but his plans to reconstruct the castle were stopped by the Second World War. After the Second World War, the castle was left in its former state, being one of many private castles. In 1975, the castle was bought by the Nadwiślańskie Museum in Kazimierz Dolny in Poland.</p><br>
<p>Castle of the Masovian Dukes - a castle built in the fourteenth or fifteenth century by the Masovian Duke Siemowit III. The castle is located in Ciechanów, Masovian Voivodeship, in Poland.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The castle in Ciechanów was built on the turning point of the fourteenth and fifteenth century, with the assistance of Duke Janusz I. The towers located in the four corners of the castles square formation help to defend the stronghold, and additional 10 metre high defensive walls. Due to dozens of reconstructions and expansions of the castle, the militaristic stronghold transformed into a royal residence. In the fifteenth century, the castle was raised by an additional level and a raised courtyard. In 1547, the stronghold changed its function into an aristocratic residence. It was the last period of the strongholds glory. After the Third Partition of Poland, the stronghold became part of Prussia, and was partially deconstructed for cheap building material. In 1818, the castle was owned by the House of Krasiński, in the twentieth century the castle was fully rebuilt.</p><br>
<p>Radziejowice Castle is a complex of Classical residences surrounded by a park, located in the village of Radziejowice, Żyrardów Powiat, Masovian Voivodeship in Poland. Since 1965 the complex has performed the function of a cultural centre, including fine arts. The palace houses a museum and an exhibition space.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The location of the palace was already the site of a residence for the Radziejowski family in the 15th century. During the 17th century, the palace, after various expansions and modernisations, took on the Gothic architectural style, as did the other buildings in the complex. During the complex&#39;s greatest time of magnificence, the palace was a residence to various Kings of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth: Zygmund III Waza, Władysław IV and Jan III Sobieski.</p><br>
<p>The current look of the complex comes from the turning point of the 18th and 19th centuries, after Kazimierz Krasiński&#39;s reconstruction of the complex, designed and by Jakub Kubicki. The expansion of the complex was later continued by Józef Wawrzyniec Krasiński, who had built the surrounding landscape park and the small Neo-Gothic castle. During the next decades, the Radziejowski family was visited by people of culture such as Juliusz Kossak, Henryk Sienkiewicz, Lucjan Rydel, Jarosław Iwaszkiewicz, Józef Chełmoński and Stanisław Masłowski.</p><br>
<p>The castle and complex were devastated during World War II, but the Ministry of Culture and National Heritage has thoroughly restored the site to its former beauty. Currently, the castle and the complex are visited by writers, columnists, actors, film-makers, musicians and visual artists. Among notable visitors was Jerzy Waldorff.</p><br>
<p>Mirów Castle - a castle located in Książ Wielki, currently housing the Wincenty Witos Institution and an Agricultural School. There is a museum in the castle. The castle is located in Książ Wielki, Lesser Poland Voivodeship; in Poland.</p><br>
<p>The castle was the residence of the House of Myszkowski. Designed and built in between 1585-1595 by Santi Gucci, by on order of the Bishop of Kraków Piotr Myszkowski. During the first quarter of the eighteenth century, the castle went into the hands of the Wielkopolski family, and was reconstructed in a Baroque style.</p><br>
<p>The castle is part of a tourist trail and program, the Trail of the Renaissance in Lesser Poland (Szlak Renesansu w Małopolsce, Polish), made by the Association of Justus Ludwik Decjusz.</p><br>
<p>The Castle of the Masovian Dukes in Płock is a Gothic castle built under the reign of Casimir III the Great, becoming a stronghold of the Dukes of Masovia until the fifteenth century. The castle is located in the Princely Capital City of Płock, Masovian Voivodeship; in Poland.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The castle is located on a steep Vistulan hillside, most likely since the eleventh century, a wooden fortress - defended by walls and dikes, where in the middle there was a small stone built stronghold. On the turning point of the eleventh and twelfth century, when one of the largest Masovian strongholds where already located on the hillside - a chapel and wall-defended living quarters were built in 1194.</p><br>
<p>At the end of the thirteenth century, the raising of the castle had begun, when the stronghold was fortified, and took on its current form under the reign of Casimir III the Great. The expansion of the castle was done on the hillside of the former stronghold, which was reconstructed with bricks and expanded, the stronghold was also raised with two towers. The castle was built in square-shaped complex. In the south-west of the complex, the Szlachecka Tower was raised - with a squared base and lower half; and an octagonal upper half. In the northern part of the castle, by a Romanesque building, there is a clock tower. The castles courtyard is closed off by the north-western, eastern and southern wing. The castle is fortificated by a double encirclement of defensive walls - securing the stronghold and Płock, being just outside the castles walls.</p><br>
<p>The castle was a residence of the Masovian Dukes up until the fifteenth century. Due to a partial removal of the hillside, in 1532, the castle suffered damage, which was rebuilt. In 1538, the Masovian dukes had resided in the newly built palace, outside the castle walls, allowing the castle complex to be given to the Benedictines. During the times of the wars against the Swedes, the castle was severely damaged, first in 1657, and then in 1705. After the castle&#39;s reconstruction, the castle complex became a Baroque architectural style Benedictine Abbey, which existed until 1781. When after the Partitions of Poland, Prussia took over the castle, the authorities ordered some of the defensive walls to be deconstructed. From 1865, the castle hosted spiritual seminars.</p><br>
<p>After World War II, the castle was renovated, and since 1973, the castle houses a museum.</p><br>
<p>Clinton Commercial Historic District is a national historic district located at Clinton, Sampson County, North Carolina. The district encompasses 67 contributing buildings and 4 contributing objects in the central business district of Clinton. It developed between about 1902 and 1951, and includes notable examples of Colonial Revival, Tudor Revival, and Classical Revival architecture. Located in the district are the separately listed Bethune-Powell Buildings, Clinton Depot, and Johnson Building. Other notable buildings include the Sampson County Courthouse , Bank of Sampson , Henry Vann Building , William&#39;s Building , DuBose Building , and U. S. Post Office  designed by the Office of the Supervising Architect under Louis A. Simon.</p><br>
<p>It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 2002.</p><br>
<p>Old Castle in Żywiec  is a castle located in Żywiec, Silesian Voivodeship, Poland.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>A castle (cum castro) in Żywiec was first mentioned in 1467, as destroyed by an army, under Casimir IV Jagiellons command against the House of Komorowski, with the Korczak Coat of Arms, recorded by Jan Długosz. However it is not certain whether it denoted the castle in the town or a fortifications on a nearby Grójec hill. Archaeological scrutiny dates the origins of the castle in the first half of the 15th century. A later expansion was constructed in 1567 by the House of Komorowski. Under the ownership and will of Jan Spytek Komorowski, during the castles expansion a Renaissance style courtyard was built, which is still untouched in its current form.</p><br>
<p>Since 2005, the Old Castle in Żywiec hosts the City Museum in Żywiec (Muzeum Miejskie w Żywcu, Polish). The Old Castle&#39;s permanent exhibition includes an ethnographical exhibition - which completes the Wooden Architecture Trail in the Silesian Voivodeship, in Poland.</p><br>
<p>College Street Historic District is a national historic district located at Clinton, Sampson County, North Carolina. The district encompasses 22 contributing buildings in a predominantly residential section of Clinton. It developed between about 1840 to the 1930s, and includes notable examples of Greek Revival, Colonial Revival, and Classical Revival architecture. Located in the district is the separately listed Graves-Stewart House. Other notable buildings include the Colonel John Ashford House , College Street Elementary School , John R. Beaman House , Hobbs-Matthews-Small House , Dr. Fleet Rose Cooper House , Jim McArthur House , Kate Powell House , Henry L. Stewart House , Dr. R. A. Turlington House , Carroll-Morris House , and Turlington Rental House .</p><br>
<p>It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1986.</p><br>
<p>West Main–North Chesnutt Streets Historic District is a national historic district located at Clinton, Sampson County, North Carolina. The district encompasses 44 contributing buildings in a predominantly residential section of Clinton. It developed between about 1830 to the early 1930s, and includes notable examples of Greek Revival, Colonial Revival, and Gothic Revival architecture. Notable buildings include the Richard Clinton Holmes House , Amma. F. Johnson House , Dr. William G. Micks House , William Hubbard House , R. H. Hubbard, Sr. House , St. Paul&#39;s Episcopal Church , L. C. Graves Presbyterian Church , C. B. Barrus House , the Hathcock-Hobbs House , the Gabe Barbrey House , and the F. L. Turlington House .</p><br>
<p>It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1986.</p><br>
<p>Patrick-Carr-Herring House, also known as the Second Sampson County Courthouse, is a historic home located at Clinton, Sampson County, North Carolina. It was built about 1904-1905, and is a two-story, three bay, double pile, Classical Revival / Greek Revival style frame dwelling with a low-pitched hip roof. It was originally built as a 1 1/2-story structure on tall brick piers in 1818, and enlarged to a full two stories in the Greek Revival style on a full one-story brick basement in the 1840s. It was moved to its present site, and remodeled, in 1904-1905, when the current Sampson County Courthouse was constructed. The front features a single-story wraparound porch with Tuscan order columns and bracketing. Also on the property is a contributing smokehouse .</p><br>
<p>It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1993.</p><br>
<p>The Musée Culturel du Mont-Carmel  is a museum of local history on United States Route 1 in Grand Isle, Maine. It is located in the former Our Lady of Mount Carmel Catholic Church, one of the only surviving 19th-century Acadian churches in northern Maine. The architecturally distinctive building was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1973.</p><br>
<h2>Architecture and building history</h2><br>
<p>The museum is located on the south side of United States Route 1 in the rural village center of Grand Isle. A former church, it is a large wood frame structure with a basically rectangular footprint, extended to the rear by additions. The main section of the building has a steeply pitched gable roof with a clerestory top. The buildings most interesting features are found on the complex facade, which projects from the main section, and is divided into three sections. The outer sections are identical square towers, which rise two full stories to an open belfry supported by an arcade of eight Corinthian columns, which support a Baroque dome. The central section has three double-door entries, each surmounted with a half-round window, and topped by a gable at the first floor level. Most of the buildings windows are narrow with round-arch topps, and consist of paired round-arch sections with a circular motif at the top.</p><br>
<p>The upper Saint John River valley was settled by Acadians in the early decades of the 19th century, before the border between Maine and New Brunswick was fixed. When the border was set by the 1842 Webster-Ashburton Treaty, the river became the border in this region, dividing the community. Acadians on the south side petitioned the Roman Catholic Diocese of Fredericton for their own church, which was built in 1848. In 1870 the parish was transferred to the Diocese of Portland. It was built in 1910 by Léonide Gagné, and its ancient Roman basilica interior was designed by Théophile Daoust.</p><br>
<p>Due to high maintenance costs, the church was closed in 1978. Legal action following the closure prevented either its maintenance or rehabilitation until 1983. The following year a non-profit was established, which acquired the building from the diocese, and has since carefully restored it.</p><br>
<h2>Museum</h2><br>
<p>The former church now houses a collection of artifacts related to the Acadian history of the area, and is the site of cultural events. It is open to the public between June 15 and Labor Day.</p><br>
<p>Wisłoujście Fortress is an historic fortress located in Gdańsk by the Martwa Wisła river, by an old estuary of the river Vistula, flowing into the Bay of Gdańsk. The fortress is located close to the Wisłoujście borough, Westerplatte and the Port Północny .</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>Different parts of the fortress ar clearly in different architectural styles (predominantly Gothic) and in different styles of construction and building materials. This is the result of the fortress being rebuilt every time it was destroyed or badly damaged. The basement and foundation of the fortress is based on wooden crates (kaszyce), which are hidden underneath in the water. On top of these structures, rubble was heaped up and strengthened - providing a stable and strong base for the fortress. The heart of the fortress is based around a circular tower (currently devoid of the coping), which until 1785 was used as a lighthouse. The lighthouse is surrounded by a brick flange (also known as a circular battery), whose inner walls are sealed together with the officers&#39; living quarters. Around the battery there is a four-bastion Fort Carré, which is led by a gatehouse with a postern from 1609. The north-western side of the fort-carré is adjoined to the Martwa Wisła river, while the rest of the fortress is separated off from land by a sconce known as the Szaniec Wschodny (Eastern Sconce). The sconce is lined up with five bastions, two of which are ravelins - one of which survived. The Fort carré as well as the Eastern Sconce are surrounded by a moat, sourced by the Martwa Wisła river.</p><br>
<p>Up until 1889, the lighthouse tower was topped with a later-Baroque coping, from about 1721. After its burning, due to a fire caused by lightning, the coping was reconstructed and coated with shale, which survived up until 1945. The tower had formerly a clock, dating back to the eighteenth century.</p><br>
<p>In 1945, due to artillery strikes the tower was almost completely destroyed, the coping and officers&#39; headquarters and upper levels were also devastated. The only parts of the fortress which were left untouched, were the walls of the Fort Carré. In 1959 the tower was added to the Register of Heritage Sites, and reconstruction of the fortress began.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>During the times of the Teutonic Order, in the fourteenth century, a wooden fortress stood by the mouth of the river Vistula, flowing into the Baltic Sea; which was burnt down by a Hussite Sirotci raid, in September, 1433. In 1482, a brick lighthouse tower was built in place of the former fortress. The tower was assigned to control the passage of ships, traveling to and fro from the Bay of Gdańsk&#39;s main port cities of Gdańsk and Gdynia. The Wisłoujście Fortress was target for military campaigns. In 1577 the fortress was besieged several times by Stefan Batory, inconclusively, during the Battle of Oliwa (1627), when the fortress was cannonaded by a Swedish fleet; in 1734 by Russian-Saxon, in 1793 by Prussian, in 1807 by Napoleonic, and once again in 1814 by Prussian fleets. Between 1622-1629 the fortress was known as Latarnia (Lighthouse, Polish), under the name of a fortress - while actually being a naval base of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth. On the night of July 5–6, 1628, the fortress was attacked with artillery fire, from a Swedish fleet traveling from Wisłoujście, into the fortress, sinking the vessel Złoty Lew (Golden Tiger, Polish), and a galleon.</p><br>
<p>Dell School Campus is a historic school campus located at Delway, Sampson County, North Carolina. The campus includes five surviving structures built between 1902 and 1908. They are the Dell Academy Building, the Principals House, the greatly reduced and altered Girls Club/Dormitory , the Carlton-Alderman House , and the Beach-Alderman House . The Dell Academy Building was built in 1908, and is a two-story, Colonial Revival style brick building measuring 100 feet wide and 70 feet deep. The Principals House was built in 1903, and is a two-story, three-bay-by-two-bay, Queen Anne style frame dwelling. The Dell School opened in 1902, was a part of the state system of Baptist secondary schools from 1909 until 1922; it closed in 1923.</p><br>
<p>It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1986.</p><br>
<p>The Redlands Central Railway Company car barn is a historic car barn located at 746 East Citrus Avenue in Redlands, California, United States. The building was used to house electric railway cars, first for the Redlands Central Railway and later for the Pacific Electric Railway. It is the only extant Pacific Electric car barn, and one of only two trolley barns remaining in Southern California.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The Redlands Central Railway was formed in 1907 by Henry and John H. Fisher, and its car barn was built the same year; it served a line along Citrus and Brookside Avenues in Redlands. The company merged with the San Bernardino Valley Traction Company (SBVT) in 1908, and its car barn became a secondary barn for the consolidated system. In 1911, the SBVT merged into the Pacific Electric (PE) Railway, Southern Californias sprawling electric streetcar network. The car barn was used intermittently by the Pacific Electric for the next two decades; Pacific Electrics Redlands service mainly used the larger SBVT barn. In 1926, the barn was officially no longer being used. It went out of service when the Citrus and Brookside Avenue line was converted to bus service.</p><br>
<p>PE and its successors leased the barn to various businesses until its sale in 1987. The city of Redlands purchased the barn to save it from demolition, but could not afford renovations. The building was added to the National Register of Historic Places on January 3, 1991. In 1994, the barn was sold by the city. It now houses an automobile repair shop; the shop purchased the barn in 1999.</p><br>
<p>Żupny Castle is a Gothic castle, the former headquarters of the Wieliczka and Bochnia Salt Mine. The castle is located in the former mine complex and was designated as part of the Wieliczka and Bochnia UNESCO World Heritage Site, since an expansion in 2013. The castle is located in Wieliczka, Lesser Poland Voivodeship, in Poland.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>A castle was built on top of the hillside in the fourteenth century, under the reign of Casimir III the Great and completed the sixteenth during the reign of Sigismund I the Old. The current castle was built in a square formation, including living quarters outside the castle walls. From the castle&#39;s earliest days, up until 1945, the castle was the headquarters of the Wieliczka Salt Mine. Currently, the castle houses an exhibition containing the history of Wieliczka from the past decades, and the only collection of saltshakers in Poland.</p><br>
<p>The Castle of Warmian Bishops is a fortified castle from the 14th century located in the town of Lidzbark Warmiński, Warmian-Masurian Voivodeship, Poland. It is one of the most precious Gothic structures in the country and a popular destination for holidaymakers.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The palatial stronghold in Lidzbark Warmiński, which for centuries was the largest town in Warmia, is located by the estuary of the river Symsarna with the river Łyna. The stronghold is encircled by a defensive moat. An additional "dry moat" encircled the local living quarters located close to the stronghold - all of the defensive structures survive except the northern-moat, where the castles windmill was once located. The castle was built on a plan of a square formation, with 48,5 metre long walls. A fourteen level tower is located in the north-east wing of the castle. The lower part of the tower, built in a square structure has posterns - while the upper part of the tower is octagonal. The other four corners of the castle have small square decorational towers, whose design changed throughout the centuries. The castle courtyard is made up of two levels - both with cloisters; these are the only historical cloisters in Poland which have not architecturally changed. The stronghold has aspects relating to the Teutonic Order, whose architectural style can be both seen in the castles courtyard but also traced in the representative level of the castle in: the chapel; the small and big refectory; in the capitulary; common hall; and in the bishops&#39; chambers.</p><br>
<p>The castle serves as one of the main attractions of the town and regularly hosts cabaret events in the Autumn months.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The castle was built between 1350-1401 as the seat of the Warmian bishops, later going into the hands of the Teutonic Order. The Teutonic Knights lost the castle in 1466, after the Second Peace of Toruń - the fortress was part of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth up until 1795 (after the Third Partition of Poland; where behind the castle walls artistic life thrived. In 1794, Ignacy Krasicki, the last residing bishop, left the castle. His successors - bishops Karol and Józef Hohenzollern - moved to Oliwa. In 1963, the castle became the premises of the Branch of the Museum of Warmia and Masuria in Olsztyn.</p><br>
<p>Bierutów Castle, , is a castle in Bierutów, Poland. The Gothic structure is believed to have been built in the 13th century under the orders of Henry III the White, Duke of Wrocław. It underwent renovation in the Renaissance style between 1534 and 1540, but was rebuilt after a fire in 1603 during the rule of Henry Wenceslaus, Duke of Oels-Bernstadt. Later that century, Christian Urlich Wirtemberg renovated the castle, adding another floor and a Baroque portal in the south wing. It underwent extensive redevelopment in the 19th century, replacing the ruined porches, and in 1899 the north wing was completely renovated.</p><br>
<p>Since World War II it has served as the headquarters of the Forest Inspectorate of Bierutów, accommodation for forestry workers and the headquarters of the Municipal Enterprise for Communal Management (MPGK), and at one stage was a kindergarten.</p><br>
<p>The Barrell Homestead is a historic house at 71 Beech Ridge Road in York, Maine, United States. At the core of this three-story house is a c. 1720 late First Period house, which has been in the hands of a single family since 1758. It was home to one of York&#39;s most colorful residents of the second half of the 18th century, Nathaniel Barrell. The house was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1976.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>The Barrell Homestead is located on the north side of Beech Ridge Road in south central York, a short way east of its junction with Saltwater Drive. It is a large wood frame structure, with clapboard siding. The walls rise a full two stories, and a full third floor is found under the south-facing gable roof, with an attic above. The building&#39;s corners are pilastered. The south facade is four bays wide, two windows to the left of the entrance and one to its right. There are four windows on the second level, three on the third, and one at the attic level, the upper two levels both within the gable. The entrance projects slightly, and is flanked by sidelight windows. On the west facade is a larger gable-roofed entry projection with more elaborate decoration around the door. An ell extends to the north, flush with the western wall of the main block.</p><br>
<p>The oldest portion of the house is a rectangular section of the main block, two stories in height, which was built c. 1720 by Matthew Grover, who had purchased the land from one of the areas early proprietors. In 1757 Grovers son mortgaged the property to Jonathan Sayward, one of York Countys wealthiest residents. He defaulted on the mortgage the following year, and Sayward foreclosed on the property. This inaugurated ownership by him and his descendants that continued at least through the propertys listing on the National Register in 1976. Saywards daughter Sally married Nathaniel Barrell in 1758, and this couple made it their home. Barrell was involved in the colonial militia, serving in the 1758 Battle of the Plains of Abraham, and was politically well-connected, serving the governors council of the neighboring Province of New Hampshire. During a visit to England in the 1760s he came under the sway of the nonconformist religious teachings of Robert Sandeman, which had repercussions in his family, political, and business relations. His peculiar views caused a number of people to consider him a Tory, resulting in a loss of business. After he denied Jonathan Sayward access to his grandchildren, Sayward, effectively disinherited him, ensuring the passage of this property would pass through his daughter to his grandson, and that his business interests fell to another. Barrell died in 1831. The couples oldest daughter, Sally Sayward Barrell, is acknowledged as one of Maines first female novelists.</p><br>
<p>The house saw only modest alterations until 1841, at which time its main block was enlarged to its present three-story height and roughly square footprint. The ell to the west also dates to this period.</p><br>
<p>Rzeszów Castle - one of the main landmarks of Rzeszów rebuilt between 1902-1906, located on the former grounds of the castle of the House of Lubomirski. The castle located between Aleja Pod Kasztanami and Aleja Lubomirski, Chopin Street, Śreniawitów Square and Colonel Lis-Kula Street. Currently the castle houses the seat of the provincial court, the building housed a prison up until 1981.</p><br>
<p>An early fortress stood on the castles grounds since the sixteenth century. At the end of the same century, Mikołaj Spytek Ligęza built a Motte-and-bailey castle close by to the current castles location. In 1620 he expanded the castle into a "Palazzo in fortezza". Since 1637 the castle was put under the ownership of the House of Lubomirski. Most of the building works were done by Tylman van Gameren and Karol Henryk Wiedemann. In 1820 the complex was brought under Austrian authorities; which adapted the building for a courthouse and a prison. The building was deconstructed at the beginning of the twentieth century due to its poor state. The only parts left from the original complex are the gatehouse and bastion fortifications.</p><br>
<p>The Lubomirski Palace is located close to the Castle.</p><br>
<h2>History of the Castle</h2><br>
<h3>Possession of Mikołaj Spytek Ligęza</h3><br>
<p>The founder of the Castle was the castellan of Czchów and Sandomierz Mikołaj Spytek Ligęza. The land was partially owned Rzeszóws Elżbieta Komarnicka, widow of Adam Rzeszowski. The rest of the nearby lands were owned by Elżbietas sisters - Katarzyna and Zofia.</p><br>
<h4>Primordial embankments</h4><br>
<p>The capital of Rzeszóws lands was located on a loess hill, in between Wisłok flood waters, allowing natural defences. The residence was located on top of a cliff side, in the town of Ligęza. If such complex existed, it would have stone fortifications and wooden farm houses in the centre. The fortress courtyard was made of mud and wood, strengthened by wooden towers, located in its corners. The Ligęza fortress was expanded during the sixteenth century, whose fortifications are still currently found.</p><br>
<h4>First defensive fortress</h4><br>
<p>Not a lot is known about the initial construction of Ligęza&#39;s fortress (castle). No information about the architect nor scripture of the fortress has been preserved. Most of the information gathered about the complex is of the stock-taking done by Zygmund Hendel in 1897.</p><br>
<p>The main building of the complex was fortificated with walls, it had several levels and a double-courtyard located in the northern part of the complex. The complexs floor plan was similar to that of a square. Close by to the complex there was a number of warehouses - whose function remains uncertain. The whole complex and warehouses were surrounded by a thick defensive wall - whose thickness passed 1,5 metres. The three parts of the complex (east, west and south) all had posterns with battery artillery. The fortification was strengthened by a bastion, located in the south-east corner of the complexs square formation. It is likely that another one stood in the south-west of the complex. There is no other identification for the former existence of two other bastions, although during Ligęza&#39;s reign they might have been planned. The gate which allowed access to head into the castle was located, where it currently is, in the middle of the western wall.</p><br>
<p>The main reason for Ligęza to build such powerful and well defended fortress may have been to so to underline his importance, authority and wealth, making his fortress and fortifications to have a greater role for repressing the people, and accepting his reign, than actually serving as a defensive fortress. Such perception can be strengthened by the accounts of his nephew - Andrzej Ligęza, who tried to become his successor. In 1603, he marched his army into Rzeszów - devastating the walls, burned the warehouses and began besieging the castle - which was successful after a few days. Mikołaj Ligęza addressed the situation by devastating Andrzej&#39;s property in Staroniwa and Zwieńczyca. In affect Andrzej had looted Rzeszów, regaining the castle. In the following years, Mikołaj Ligęza had continued his scuffles with Stanisław Stadnicki of Łańcut (1600-1605), and with his son Władysław (1617-1619). All of these clashes meant that, after 1620, when Mikołaj Ligęza became a castellan, he ordered for a reconstruction of the castle.</p><br>
<h4>Palazzo in fortezza</h4><br>
<p>The newly reconstructed castle was built in the newly popular Palazzo in fortezza architectural form. The loess was built up with moats and bastions in a New-Italian style, built up with stone and brick pallium; some parts with clay. The former defensive walls were incorporated as inner walls of the castle. This allowed the castle to have an additional defensive wing. The investment was never finished, however its modernisation allowed for new batteries to be constructed; this had allowed the castle to successfully be defended against by a raid of Tartars. During the reconstruction, the castle had been protected by a full army. The fortifications had been additionally encircled by a wood and partially stone settlements including Mrowla, Świlcza, Krasne and Malawa.</p><br>
<p>Mikołaj Ligęza died in 1637. In his testament to his wife he said: fortify the castle and call it the Ligęza&#39;s and moat it all, ( aby zamku domurowała i po wieczne czasy Ligęzowem nazwała i obwałować kazała, Polish).</p><br>
<h4>House of Lubomirski</h4><br>
<p>Ligęza signed off his castle to his daughters: Pudancja and Konstancja. However, due to the decision taken up by the Crown Tribunal, all of the estate was only given to the Konstancja. This caused scuffles between Pudancjas and Konstancjas husbands; as Konstancjas husband - Court Marshall of the Crown Jerzy Sebastian Lubomirski took over the estate. He was an active politician and military commander of the Anti-Crown Opposition. During his reign, the castle did not have military importance, this also included the Łańcut Castle - an important residence; this state must have been caused by the castles devastation. The fortifications were greatly devastated by the Swedes during The Deluge, as well as the Polish army during a rebellion in 1663. Additional damage was caused during a war with the Cossacks. After Lubomirski took on a bannire, he was expelled and moved to Silesia, which caused the fortifications in Rzeszów not to be reconstructed. When Ulryk Werdum passed through the town in 1671 he described it as:</p><br>
<p>In the suburb there stands a beautiful church, and even a better one in town, both made of stone. The castle, a cumbrous structure, stands to the south by the lake. All of these places were in a very good state before the war with the Cossacks, after it everything seems to be abandoned.</p><br>
<p>(Na przedmieściu stoi śliczny kościół, a jeszcze lepszy w mieście, obydwa z kamienia. Ciężko zbudowany zamek wznosi się na południe od miasta nad jeziorem. Wszystko to znajdowało się w bardzo dobrym stanie przed wojną kozacką, teraz zaś po niej wszystko jest opuszczone. Polish)</p><br>
<p>Jerzey Lubomirski died in 1667, giving the estate to his son, Hieronim Augustyn Lubomirski. In the first few years after his father&#39;s death, Hieronim took on dealing with war specialised equipment and crafts - he fought with the Turks, Tatars and Cossacks. Only up until about 1682, did he begin works on reconstructing the castle in Rzeszów, which he entrusted to Tylman van Gameren.</p><br>
<h4>Expansion of the castle by Tylman van Gameren</h4><br>
<p>Due to many battles in the region of Rzeszów, such as the battles with Cossacks and Tatars, the castles military significance rose. He agreed, after raising the issue at the Sejmik, that he will spend three years to rebuild the castles fortifications.</p><br>
<p>As stated in Tylmans plans, the castle was rebuilt in a square formation, with four wings both having two levels each, protected by a ravelin at the castles southern wing. The courtyard&#39;s levels had a facade in the central part of the structure. They were finished off by ramparts.</p><br>
<p>The Euclid Golf Allotment, also known as the Euclid Golf Historic District, is a historic district located in Cleveland Heights, Ohio, in the United States. Roughly bounded by Cedar Road, Coventry Road, West St. James Parkway, and Ardleigh Drive, the 142 acre site contains primarily residential homes built between 1913 and 1929. The historic district is built on land formerly owned by John D. Rockefeller and at one time leased to the Euclid Golf Club for its back nine holes, and it takes its name from this historic factoid. The Euclid Golf Allotment is a largely undisturbed example of an early 20th century planned community containing American Craftsman, Colonial Revival, French Renaissance Revival, Italian Renaissance Revival, Prairie School, Shingle Style, and Tudor Revival architecture.</p><br>
<p>The Euclid Golf Allotment was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 2002. The Euclid Golf Allotment includes the western half of the Fairmount Boulevard District, another national historic district established in 1976.</p><br>
<h2>Pre-development</h2><br>
<h3>Founding Forest Hill</h3><br>
<p>The modern city of Cleveland Heights is built atop a geological structure known as the Portage Escarpment, a geological feature some 2 to 4 mi wide that connects the Appalachian Plateau in the east to the Erie Plain in the west. Early residents of Cleveland settled along The Flats, a low-lying plain on either side of the Cuyahoga River bounded by steep slopes. Although farms initially occupied the Erie Plain above The Flats on both sides of the river, by the American Civil War middle- and upper class homes dominated these areas. Through the middle and late 1800s, a thriving business district grew on the east side of the Cuyahoga around Public Square (conceived in 1796 as the center of the town) and later Clinton Square (built in 1835). The city continued rapidly expanding eastward through the 1800s. As Cleveland became an industrial powerhouse in the late 1800s, it developed an extremely wealthy upper class. Euclid Avenue became the preferred address for more than 300 of the wealthiest families in the United States.</p><br>
<p>Euclid Avenue reached its zenith in the 1890s, but began a three-decade rapid decline thereafter as extensive retail development drove the upper class eastward. The early pressures placed on Euclid Avenue-dwellers led to the creation of the Forest Hill estate. In 1873, wealthy Clevelander John D. Rockefeller purchased 79 acre 4 mi east of his home at 424 Euclid Avenue. In June 1874, Rockefeller sold 10 acre of this land to investors who wished to build a sanatorium on the site. A hotel was built atop the highest hill on this land, and Rockefeller and fellow Standard Oil investor Stephen V. Harkness founded a commuter rail line, the Lake View and Collamer Railroad, to serve the sanatorium. But the hospital never opened, and the sanatorium venture failed. Rockefeller purchased the land back in 1877 transformed the hotel into his summer home, and named the estate Forest Hill. Much of the estate, however, was managed as timber farm.</p><br>
<h3>Founding of Euclid Heights and the Euclid Club</h3><br>
<p>The development of electric streetcars made the development of suburbs far outside Clevelands city limits practical for the first time in the 1890s. In 1890, railroad baron Patrick Calhoun purchased 300 acre atop nearby Cedar Hill, and in 1893 established the planned community of Euclid Heights. It was common at the time for deed restrictions governing type of construction, land use, occupancy, and more to be used when zoning laws and regulations did not exist, and Calhouns Euclid Heights prohibited retail within the development to prevent Euclid Heights from becoming another Euclid Avenue. (Depreciation in residential home values was quite common at the time, and it was not unrealistic for a family to fear loss of their home due to retail development.)</p><br>
<p>To further enhance the value of the development, Calhoun organized the Euclid Golf Club. With a course designed by British professional golfer W.H. "Bertie" Way, the club opened in 1901. The clubhouse was located on Norfolk Road, between Derbyshire and Cedar roads. The first, second, and ninth greens were located due west of the clubhouse, in the area framed by Euclid Heights Road and Cedar Road. The fourth through eighth greens ran largely north and south in the area framed by Cedar Road, Harcourt Drive, North Park Boulevard, and Bellfield Avenue. The back nine holes were in the area framed by Cedar Road, Grandview Avenue, North Park Boulevard, and Demington Drive. The club didnt own the land beneath the back nine, however. This was part of Rockefellers Forest Hill estate. Calhoun asked Rockefeller, an avid golfer, to lease the necessary area to the club. Rockefeller agreed to do so, and required no lease payment—provided no golf was played on Sunday.</p><br>
<h3>Encroachment of Cedar Heights and Shaker Heights</h3><br>
<p>The Euclid Club was hindered by another development, Cedar Heights. Concurrent with the development of Euclid Heights, William and Edmund Walton, Jr. purchased a pasture adjacent to the western boundary of Forest Hill. They built two roads, Grandview Avenue and Bellfield Avenue. They began developing the lots on the east side of Grandview Avenue, the west side of Bellfield Avenue, and between Grandview and Bellfield Avenues, and constructed middle-class homes similar to their previous development in Little Italy. Cedar Heights was marketed only sparingly and developed slowly. But the development sat squarely and inconveniently between the front nine and back nine of the Euclid Club.</p><br>
<p>The creation of the Shaker Heights development largely doomed the golf club. A community of Shakers founded a 1,400 acre commune and farm in the area in 1822, but their numbers had dwindled to just 27 by 1888. In a series of transactions, the Shakers sold the land to a group of Cleveland investors in 1891 who called themselves the Shaker Heights Land Company. The company then donated 279 acre of land along Doan Brook, Horseshoe Lake (aka Upper Shaker Lake), and Lower Shaker Lake in December 1895 to the city of Cleveland as a park, with the proviso that the city build a road along the park (which effectively connected the Shaker Heights development to Cleveland). Rockefeller donated another 276 acre as well, to connect this park to Lake Erie (creating Rockefeller Park). Sales remained meager, however, and the company sold its land holdings in 1896 to a syndicate of Buffalo investors led by William Henry Gratwick, Sr. (owner of the Gratwick Steamship Company) and John J. Albright (president of the Ontario Power Company). Once more, sales were minimal. Eight years later, the land was overgrown and its value was 25 percent below its $316,000 ($ in dollars) purchase price. In 1904, the Van Sweringen brothers, Oris Paxton and Mantis James, took over as land agents for the company, formed a syndicate of local investors, and began purchasing lots for development from the Shaker Heights Land Company. As with Calhoun&#39;s Euclid Heights, the Van Sweringens used deed restrictions to significantly constrain development to residential housing, and to require that all housing be of the highest quality in terms of design, siting, and construction.</p><br>
<p>The development of Shaker Heights adjoined the Rockefeller estate. Rockefeller was intrigued by the possibility of developing Forest Hill, and allowed the Van Sweringens to produce a brochure showing how a possible development of the eastern half of his "back nine" could be developed into yet another planned community. But nothing came of this venture. In 1906, Rockefeller agreed to allow the Van Sweringens to build a streetcar line across the Forest Hills estate. The line followed Cedar Road, and then traveled in the center of Fairmount Boulevard to Lee Road. Although a part of Fairmount Boulevard had existed since 1858, the portion from Cedar Road southeast to Lee Road was only developed at this time—cutting right across the Euclid Club&#39;s back nine.</p><br>
<h3>Closure of the Euclid Club</h3><br>
<p>A significant number of Euclid Club members quit in 1909 and founded the Mayfield Country Club about 2 mi to the east in Lyndhurst, Ohio. The Euclid Club discontinued its operations in 1912, The rest of the members left in 1913 to form the Shaker Heights Country Club, which opened in 1915. The Euclid Club briefly reopened the links in 1915, but ceased operations again the same year.</p><br>
<h2>Building the Euclid Golf Allotment</h2><br>
<p>In 1913, Barton R. Deming convinced John D. Rockefeller to enter into a purchase agreement for the 141 acre formerly leased to the Euclid Club. The Canadian-born Deming and several of his brothers had moved to Cleveland in 1893. After working for other companies for several years, he and his brothers formed Deming Brothers, a real estate development company, in 1903 and developed several high-quality neighborhoods in East Cleveland. Deming&#39;s brother, Grant, owned several other real estate development firms, which had done business with Rockefeller in developing other parts of the Forest Hill estate. Through this work, Barton Deming came to know John D. Rockefeller.</p><br>
<p>Deming founded the B.R. Deming Company to develop the Euclid Golf Allotment. Under the agreement struck by Deming and Rockefeller, Deming could plat or make improvements to the property only with the approval of Abeyton Realty Company, a firm founded by Rockefeller in 1909 to oversee his real estate ventures. The Euclid Golf lots were to be smaller than those in Euclid Heights, for Clarence C. Terrill, manager of Abeyton Realty, felt that the overly large lot size had inhibited Calhoun&#39;s sales. While Rockefeller bankrolled the improvements, Deming had control over sales.</p><br>
<p>Initially, the Euclid Golf development ran into financial trouble. Lot prices fell due to competition from neighboring developments. The situation worsened when Euclid Heights developer Patrick Calhoun declared bankruptcy in 1916, and his vast Euclid Heights holdings were sold at a sheriff&#39;s sale at rock-bottom prices. Deming was forced to renegotiate his agreement with Rockefeller in 1915. In order to retain his position as the sole sales agent for Euclid Golf until July 31, 1916, Deming was forced to invest $89,747 ($ in dollars) of his own money into the development. In return, Abeyton Realty invested $320,000 ($ in dollars) in laying drinking water, electrical power, natural gas, and sewer lines and building new paved roads, complete with gutters and curbs. The new agreement also required Deming to sell lots at a minimum price and no less. Once Deming made his initial investment payment, he was permitted to purchase the rest of the property for $430,000 ($ in dollars).</p><br>
<p>Sales were strong thereafter, and on October 3, 1919, Deming paid $463,158.40 ($ in dollars) for the remainder of the Euclid Golf Allotment.</p><br>
<h3>Layout and architectural principles</h3><br>
<p>Deming platted the Euclid Golf Allotment according to the principles of the "garden city movement", then a popular design strategy for wealthy suburbs. He retained as much of the natural beauty of the area as possible, and imitated other developers freely when their practices proved successful. For example, despite its past use as a golf course, the Euclid Golf Allotment was heavily wooded with mature deciduous trees. Deming required that builders retain as many of these as possible during home construction, so that the value of the land would be as high as possible. (Many of these trees still exist in the 2000s.) Deming also decided to dig Fairmount Boulevard on either side of the Cleveland Railway line which already existed on the property. A 50 ft wide roadway was created on both sides of the railway line, and Deming&#39;s engineers mimicked the design of Fairmount Boulevard in Shaker Heights (laid out by the F. A. Pease Engineering Company).</p><br>
<p>To meet the requirements of the amended agreement with Rockefeller, Deming first had to lay out streets (which would then allow him to plat the development). These streets all gently curved, both because this met the design principles of the "garden city" movement but also because it allowed streets to conform to the sloping, ravine-ridden geography of the site. All the streets also connected easily and naturally to those of surrounding developments.</p><br>
<p>Seven deed restrictions significantly limited the type and design of structures which could be erected in the Euclid Golf Allotment. Six restrictions were initially placed on construction. The first limited structures to private residential homes, specified a minimum expenditure for construction, established setback rules, and required the approval of the B.R. Deming Company before construction could begin. The goal of the restriction was to assist the builder in achieving the highest possible quality, rather than to limit him. The second restriction established minimum expenditure levels and setback rules for garages and outbuildings, and prohibited outhouses. The third limited fence height to 3 ft, and established setback rules for fences. The fourth restriction barred a wide range of uses for structures, including apartments, boarding houses, taverns, and a wide range of public entertainment venues (such as dance halls and movie theaters). The fifth prohibited occupants from manufacturing or selling alcohol on the premises. The sixth deed restriction regulated the placement and size of advertising signs or similar devices. A seventh restriction, added to plots sold later, required that landscaping adhere to standards set by the B.R. Deming Company. All deed restrictions expired on May 1, 1950.</p><br>
<h3>Home construction</h3><br>
<p>To entice buyers, and to demonstrate how architectural creativity was not stifled by the deed restrictions, Deming hired the architectural firm of Howell & Thomas to design several model homes for the development. Nearly all the model homes were built before 1920, and 12 of the 45 structures built on Fairmount Boulevard were model houses designed by Howell & Thomas. The very first model house was Deming&#39;s own home, constructed on a narrow, curving, steep parcel of land at 2645 Fairmount Boulevard. The $6,000 home ($ in dollars) was designed to act as a gateway to the development, impressing visitors with its high quality and stylishness as they entered the Euclid Golf Allotment. Construction on the Deming house began on started May 4, 1914, and it was largely complete by the end of the year.</p><br>
<p>St. James Parkway was the first street Deming platted. Eighteen of the 22 homes built in Euclid Golf Allotment in the 1910s were constructed on North St. James. West St. James Parkway was the next to be developed. Deming was frustrated by the existence of Roxboro Elementary School and Roxboro Junior High School on the south side of the western half of West St. James Parkway, and by several low-quality duplexes on the south side of the eastern half of West St. James. To protect the Euclid Golf Allotment, Deming contracted with Howell & Thomas to design 14 cottages for construction on the north side of West St. James to screen these low-quality homes from the rest of the development. These were built in the 1910s, with four more in the 1920s. Ten of the 18 houses were in the Colonial Revival style. Deming even purchased three of the remaining lots on the south side of West St. James and built high-quality cottages (2600, 2594, and 2580-2582 West St. James Parkway) to provide an additional screen for the Euclid Golf Development.</p><br>
<h3>Non-residential construction</h3><br>
<p>Although nearly all the buildings constructed in the Euclid Golf Allotment were private, single-family homes, two structures were not. The first of these was the Heights Medical Building at 2460 Fairmount Boulevard. By the mid-1920s, Deming had turned his attention to the intersection of Cedar Road and Fairmount Boulevard. He had hoped to build apartment buildings east of the intersection, whose tall forms would come even with the higher part of the escarpment on which Euclid Golf Allotment was built. But a number of two- and three-story businesses had been built there by this time. The Heights Medical Building (now restaurants, retail, and offices) was a compromise structure. Designed by the firm of Steffens & Steffens and finished in 1926, the Heights Medical Building was more architecturally similar to structures in Euclid Golf Allotment, but its usage was more similar to that of the lower-quality business structures in Cedar Heights and Euclid Heights nearby.</p><br>
<p>The other major non-residential structure in the Euclid Golf Allotment was St. Pauls Episcopal Church. St. Pauls had been the church of choice of the old Euclid Avenue aristocracy, but the decline of the avenue induced the church to move to Euclid Golf Allotment (where many of its parishioners had taken up residence). The church purchased several lots at the intersection of Coventry Road and Fairmount Boulevard (2747 Fairmount Blvd.), and hired architect J. Byers Hayes of the noted Cleveland architectural firm of Walker and Weeks to design the structure. Construction began on the parish hall in 1927, and services were first held there in April 1928. The bell tower was finished in 1929. The Great Depression halted additional construction for a decade. Construction began on the sanctuary in 1941, but shortages of construction materials during World War II forced work to halt for several years. Hayes revised his plans for the sanctuary in 1947 to reduce its cost, and construction began again in 1949. The sanctuary was finished in 1951.</p><br>
<h2>About the historic district</h2><br>
<p>The Euclid Golf Allotment was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 2002.</p><br>
<p>The historic district contains 141 acre, all of which are residential except for St. Paul&#39;s Episcopal Church (intersection of Coventry Road and Fairmount Blvd.) and Heights Medical Building (intersection of Fairmount Blvd. and Cedar Road). A portion of the Fairmount Boulevard Historic District, added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1976, is contained within the Euclid Golf Allotment Historic District.</p><br>
<p>The Euclid Golf Allotment Historic District continues to be laid out in accordance with "garden city" principles. The main road running through historic district if Fairmount Boulevard. Parcels on Fairmount Boulevard typically are 90 ft wide and 200 to 250 ft deep. Secondary roads running through the historic district include Ardleigh Drive, Chatfield Drive, Delamere Drive, Demington Drive, North St. James Parkway, Roxboro Road, Scarborough Road, Tudor Drive, West St. James Parkway, and Woodmere Drive.</p><br>
<p>There are 432 structures in the Euclid Golf Allotment Historic District. Fifty-four of these structures are in the Fairmount Boulevard Historic District, and 48 of these 54 are historic. Of the 378 remaining structures, 363 are historic. These include 229 residences, one commercial building, and 133 outbuildings (primarily garages). All of the residences are single-family homes, except for a single duplex and two cottages. Most of the homes in the Euclid Golf Allotment Historic District were designed by leading Cleveland-area architects, including Charles Sumner Schneider, Maxwell Norcross, Mead & Hamilton, Howell & Thomas, and Walker & Weeks.</p><br>
<p>Although deed restrictions regulated many aspects of construction and siting, they did not restrict the style of architecture in the Euclid Golf Allotment Historic District. Homes were designed in an array of architectural styles, and most homes were designed with elements from several styles. Generally speaking, homes built from 1913 to 1919 are more eclectic and rely on Native American architectural styles, while those built after 1919 tend to draw on more European architectural traditions and tend to be more accurate revival designs. Homes in the Colonial Revival architectural style are the most common in the historic district, representing about half of all structures. Colonial Revival homes built in the 1910s tend to include elements of the Arts & Crafts, Prairie, and Queen Anne architectural styles. Colonial Revival homes built in the 1920s tend to be more purist in style. There are 75 homes in the Tudor Revival architectural style, representing 26.4 percent of all structures in the historic district. Three distinct subgenres of the Tudor Revival style—Early English, Jacobean, and Cottage—are represented in the allotment.</p><br>
<p>One-hundred-and-thirty-three (47.5 percent) of the homes in the Euclid Golf Allotment Historic District were built between 1913 and 1919. One-hundred-and-thirty-four homes (47.5 percent) were built between 1920 and 1929. Four homes (1.4 percent) were built in the 1930s, and 11 homes (3.9 percent) were constructed after 1950.</p><br>
<p>Most utility lines run in the rear of the houses. Sidewalks are wider than usual, and original sidewalks (made of slate paving) are common. Wide road verges exist between the sidewalk and roadway. Most of the trees in the historic district existed when the development was constructed in the 1910s and 1920s.</p><br>
<p>The Euclid Golf Allotment Historic District retained much of its original character as of 2002. The facades of few homes had been significantly altered, although about two-thirds of slate roofs had been replaced with asphalt or composite shingle roofs. Other changes, such as modern windows instead of leaded glass and enclosure of porches, were also made, but these tended to be minimal. Additions to homes tend to be very uncommon, although generally in the same architectural style as the original structure.</p><br>
<p>Uniejów Castle - one of the main places of interest in Uniejów, Łódź Voivodeship; in Poland.</p><br>
<p>The castle was built between 1360-1365 on the site of a former wooden fortress, destroyed after a raid by the Teutonic Knights in 1331. The initiator of the construction of the castle was Gniezno&#39;s Archbishop Jarosław Bogoria Skotnicki, one of the closest associates to Casimir III the Great.</p><br>
<p>The building was greatly expanded and modernised between 1525-1534, when after a fire most of the castles Gothic characteristics had gone. The stronghold had endeds its militaristic significance in the seventeenth century, when the castle became a residence. In 1836 the castle was taken over by the House of Toll, an Estonian family. In 1848, Aleksander Toll had reconstructed the castle into a Classical architectural style. The castle in Uniejów is a prime example of accretion of architectural styles.</p><br>
<p>The C.E. Forrester House is a historic house at 140 Danville Road in Waldron, Arkansas. It is a two-story wood frame I-house, with an attached single-story wing extending from the rear of the center, giving it a common T-shaped plan. The original front facade has a two-story gable-roofed porch extending across part of it, while the south-facing side of the wing, now serving as the main entrance, has a vernacular Craftsman-style porch with a shed roof extending along its length. The house was built in 1896, with the wing added by 1904; it was built by Charlie Forrester, an Arkansas native who operated a number of retail and commercial business in Waldron.</p><br>
<p>The house was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1998.</p><br>
<p>Blackwater Well was a historic well in northwestern San Bernardino County, California. The well was built in the 19th century by the USA Army as a water stop on the Granite Wells Road, which linked Death Valley with Johannesburg. The route was also part of the Twenty Mule Team Borax Route, and it served as one of three water stops along the 165 mi route. The Granite Wells Road was also a popular travel route into Death Valley, and the well served as a campsite along the road.</p><br>
<p>The well was added to the National Register of Historic Places on November 21, 2000. The Desert Tortoise Preservation Committee, which owned the well and the surrounding land, subsequently dismantled the well; the Bureau of Land Management, the previous owner, condemned the dismantling as a violation of the terms of sale.</p><br>
<p>The Charles Best House is a historic house on Old County Road in West Pembroke, Maine, United States. Built in 1845, it is a fairly typical example of a mid-19th century Greek Revival connected farmstead. It is notable as the birthplace in 1899 of Charles H. Best , who is credited as a co-discoverer of insulin and the development of its therapeutic use in the treatment of diabetes. The house was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1982.</p><br>
<h2>Description and significance</h2><br>
<p>The Best House is set on the north side of Old County Road in the village of West Pembroke in Down East Maine. The main portion of the house is a 2-1/2 story wood frame block, three bays wide, with a front-facing gable roof and clapboard siding. The entrance, set in the leftmost bay of the southwest-facing front, is flanked by sidelight windows and topped by an entablature. Southeast of the main block, a 1-1/2 story ell has a secondary entrance with a gable-roof dormer above. A second ell connects this wing to a single-story carriage house and a barn.</p><br>
<p>The house is estimated to have been built about 1845. In 1899, it was here that Charles H. Best was born. Best was educated at the University of Toronto, and in 1921 began a fruitful collaboration with Drs. Frederick Banting and J.J.R. Macleod. On January 11, 1922, Best administered the first dose of insulin to a human subject. Although he was did not formally share in the Nobel Prize in Medicine awarded in 1923 to Banting and Macleod, the latter shared his prize money with Best. Best continued his successful research career with the development of several enzyme-based therapies. He died in 1978. His birthplace was purchased in 1959 by the American Diabetes Association, and transferred in 1978 to the National Trust for Historic Preservation, which sold it, with preservation restrictions, into private hands.</p><br>
<p>Kwidzyn Castle is a large brick gothic castle in the town of Kwidzyn , Poland. It is an example of Teutonic Knights&#39; castles architecture.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The castle is located by Gdańska Street (Ulica Gdańska in Polish) in Kwidzyn. The castle was used as a chapter house for the Pomesanians, who built it at the beginning of the 14th century - in a square formation with a courtyard and square keeps in the corners of the castle&#39;s square formation; and a dansker supported by five arcades. King Władysław II Jagiełło took over the castle, while heading battles against the Teutonic Knights in 1410. The Second Peace of Toruń ceded the castle to the Teutonic Knights.</p><br>
<p>During the 17th century Deluge campaigns, the Swedes partially devastated the castle. The Prussian authorities had ordered to partially deconstruct the castle in the 18th century. In 1855-1875 the castle underwent a reconstruction program.</p><br>
<p>Currently, the preserved north-western and western wing houses the Branch of the Castle Museum in Malbork (Oddział Muzeum Zamkowego w Malborku in Polish). The largest dansker and a well with a porch have also been preserved.</p><br>
<p>Castle of Bishops in Siewierz - a castle formally housing castellans who raised the castle in the thirteenth century. The stronghold formerly fortified a hamlet in the area, which can be traced back to the origins of the Church of St. John the Baptist; now located close to the National Road No. 78 - for rapid travel to Katowice. The names of the first castellans were Jaks and Wawrzyniec. The castle is located in Siewierz , Silesian Voivodeship in Poland.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The Castle in Siewierz was built in the first half of the thirteenth century on a man-made hilltop, where formerly stood a wooden fortress. The oldest of the strongholds fortifications come from the fifteenth century. In 1443 Duke Wacław I of Cieszyn sold the town and the castle to Krakóws bishop Zbigniew Oleśnicki. The Bishops of Kraków expanded the castle and its fortification walls. The castle began to crumble in the seventeenth century, and Swedish raids quickened its deteriorating. After The Deluge the castle was rebuilt by that didn&#39;t stop it from deteriorating and turn into a ruin. The last resident of the castle, Feliks Paweł Turski, left the residence in 1800. The only reason the building did not diminish is due to extensive reconstruction and renovation works in the 1950s, 1970s, and 1990s.</p><br>
<p>The Baza Outdoor Oven is a 20th-century version of a traditional hotnu, or outside oven, on the island of Guam. This oven is located at the end of Beatrice Baza Drive in the village of Yona. It was built in 1952 out of brick and concrete, but is based on traditional forms that have been in use on Guam since they were introduced by the Spanish in the 17th century. It is a barrel-shaped structure about 2 m long, 1.5 m wide, and 1.67 m high. The base of the structure is poured concrete about 0.6 m high, with the vaulted portion about 1 m high. The interior of the vault is made out of heat-resistant bricks, while the exterior is finished in cement. The oven was used by heating it until the bricks were white, after which the burning materials were removed, the food to be cooked was added, and the main door was closed. This oven is large enough to roast four pigs.</p><br>
<p>The oven was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2010.</p><br>
<p>Gołuchów Castle is an early Renaissance castle built between 1550-1560 on a square plan and used as a defensive stronghold and residence. The castle is located in Gołuchów, Greater Poland Voivodeship; in Poland.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>This early-Renaissance castle was raised in between 1550-1560 close by Trzemna, as small river and estuary of the Prosna. The building was built for Voivode of the Brześć Kujawski Voivodeship, Rafał Leszczyński. The castle was predominantly used for defensive purposes with keeps in the corner&#39;s of the structure. The following owners expanded the residence - making the residence into a magnate-Renaissance stronghold. In 1853, the partially run-down castle was bought by Tytus Działyński, for his son Jan Kantega and his close wife Izabela of the House of Czartoryski. The castle was reconstructed in the nineteenth century, in the style of the French Renaissance architectural style, the residence is surrounded by the largest Landscape Park in Greater Poland Voivodeship, which asserted additional Romanesque and English architectural styles upon the castle. After the Second World War the castle housed the Branch of the National Museum in Poznań (Muzeum Narodowe w Poznaniu, Polish).</p><br>
<p>Jawor Castle  is a castle in Jawor, Poland.</p><br>
<p>Firstly castle was wooden stronghold, Duke Bolesław the Tall built here stone Tower house</p><br>
<p>The castle has been a seat of both the Piast dynasty and the Duchy of Jawor-Świdnica. Several politically significant events took place in the castle during the Middle Ages. In 1648, the castle saw damage when it was besieged by soldiers loyal to the Holy Roman Empire, but it was renovated later during the same century (1663-65). Another renovation was carried out in 1705, when the clock tower was repaired.</p><br>
<p>Later during the 18th century, Frederick the Great converted the castle into a prison, a role which it would keep until 1956. Until 1821, it also housed an asylum for mentally ill. After 1888, the hitherto all-male prison became an all-female prison, and stayed in this capacity until 1945. During World War II, it was used as such also by the German authorities who among others imprisoned several French women here. A memorial commemorating them has been erected in the castle courtyard. After 1945, it housed political prisoners and former soldiers of the Home Army.</p><br>
<p>Grodno Castle  is a castle located in the southern parts of the Wałbrzych Mountains, on the Choina Mountain , standing to the left of the river Bystrzyca. The valley of this river, formerly known as the Silesian Valley , creates a natural boundary between the Owl Mountains and to the west of it the Wałbrzych Mountains. The castle is located in Zagórze Śląskie , Lower Silesian Voivodeship in Poland.</p><br>
<p>The picturesque location of the castle is exacerbated by the barraged Lubachowskie Lake in the foothills of the mountain.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>According to tradition the castle was built in 1193, by Duke Bolesław I the Tall. The castle, together with a network of fortresses was used as a defense line between the Duchy of Jawor and the Kingdom of Bohemia. In the sixteenth century Grodno Castle was expanded by a gatehouse, on which there is precious sgraffito, and a sundial clock from 1716. The castle was devastated in battles against the Swedes during the Thirty Years&#39; War, slowly falling into ruins. In the nineteenth century the tower had collapsed. The last owner of Grodno, was the Zedlits family, which had continued renovation works and strengthened the castle.</p><br>
<p>Cullerlie stone circle, also known as the Standing Stones of Echt, is a small stone circle situated near Echt, Aberdeenshire. It consists of eight irregular stones of red granite arranged at approximately equal intervals to form a circle of 10.2 m diameter, enclosing the same number of small cairns. The cairns are characterised by outer kerbs or rings of stones, with a double ring surrounding the central cairn and a single ring in the others. All but one of the cairns have eleven ringstones, with the last having nine. The whole circle sits on a patch of gravel which forms the end of a low gravel ridge linking the site with Leuchar Moss. It is regarded as an example of a recumbent stone circle, though its layout with kerbed cairns within the circle makes it unique.</p><br>
<p>At the time that the circle was built in the second millennium BC, the surrounding landscape was characterised by wet bogs, and the stones were transported to the site from higher ground some distance away. The tallest of the stones marks the north side of the circle. They vary in height from 1.09 m to 1.80 m. A 2004 survey of the site discovered that several of the stones had been carved with previously unnoticed cup marks.</p><br>
<p>Excavations carried out in 1934 by H. E. Kilbride-Jones on behalf of the Ministry of Works, showed that the circle was built in stages. The entire site had first been cleared, leveled and burned by setting fire to piles of willow twigs. Then came the outer stones, with their bases shaped into points to make them more stable in their gravel bed. They have been somewhat eroded over time by acidic peat eating away the lower portions of the stones. Oak and hazel were burned within the stone rings, leaving charcoal behind, and cremated human bones were deposited in the ashes within five of the rings. They were then filled with smaller stones to create the cairns visible today.</p><br>
<p>The circle may once have had several companions. In 1820 James Logan wrote: "The small Circles contained in the larger present a curious singularity; and it is also remarkable that, at a short distance to the southwest, are nine others of similar dimensions." However, when the site was excavated in 1934, no trace of these satellite circles could be found.</p><br>
<p>Otmuchów Castle - a castle built in the Medieval Times, expanded in between 1585-1596 in the Renaissance architectural style, reconstructed in the seventeenth century into the Baroque architectural style, and the residence of the Bishop of Wrocław up until 1810. The castle is located in Otmuchów , Opole Voivodeship; in Poland.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The history of the Castle in Otmuchów dates back to the twelfth century, when Pope Hadrian gave authority to the land to the Bishop of Wrocław, including the castle. Throughout the next centuries the castle gained its significance, when Bishop Preczlaw of Pogarell called Otmuchów the capital of the Duchy of Bishops. The castle changed its architectural style to that of the Renaissance during reconstruction work in the seventeenth century. In 1810 the partially devastated south-eastern wing of the residence was deconstructed. Currently two wings of the castle survive, both having four levels.</p><br>
<p>After the secularisation in 1810, the castle was left in ruins, while the lands were given off to the powerful House of Humboldt; the Duke of Humboldt used the material from the former, other two wings to repair the currently standing reconstructed wings. In the location of the former wings, the owner built a small castle-garden, while his brother Alexander von Humboldt sent in exotic trees, such as the smoketree, ginkgo, or the Canadian lime tree. One of the most unusual parts of the residences interior is located in the castles two small cells of death, where prisoners were told to enter, and fall down a 20-metre drop, where there is a scripture Go you are free (Idź jesteś wolny, Polish); the sudden drop let to the stone courtyard with a sharpened birch perch.</p><br>
<p>The Polmer Store, built, is a well-preserved example of the once-common plantation store. The one-story frame structure in Terrebonne Parish, Louisiana, was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1996.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Samuel and Leon Polmer were two successful leaders within Terrebonne Parish, Louisiana. Before moving to Houma, Louisiana, the Polmer brothers immigrated from Austria to Donaldsonville, Louisiana. There, the Polmer brothers managed a factory that produced heavily leaded glass containers and soda pop. The brothers moved to Houma and purchased the Ducros Plantation from the Woods brothers, R. C. and R.S, in 1909. The Polmer brothers then opened four stores within the 1920s.</p><br>
<p>The Waubun Store, known as the Big Waubun Store, was the first Polmer Store to open. They leased the property and building from the John T. Moore Company and later purchased the small location on the Waubun Plantation from Alfred P. Danzinger in the year 1924. The second store to open was located on the Ducros Plantation, which the Polmer’s owned. In the next years to follow the Polmer brothers opened two more stores called the Bull Run Store, located on Bull Run Plantation, and the Central Store, the last Polmer Store standing to this day. The Central Polmer Store was purchased from original owner, Raoul Toups. These stores were convenient after the post-Civil War era to the people and plantations, such as, Ellendale, Ardoyne, Bull Run, and Waubun.</p><br>
<p>As their businesses grew, the Polmer Brothers created what was called a “rolling stores” to accommodate the community which made it easy for people who had limited transportation. The stores had horse drawn wagons, later replaced by trucks, with merchandise that would go from house to house to either deliver goods or take orders for the next day. Women could order house hold items, such as, food, furnishing items, farming equipment, and even material to make clothing and bedding. The “rolling stores” had samples of these materials, which made it easily accessible. The next day the trucks would deliver the previous days order. The orders were placed on tabbed accounts that people would pay periodically.</p><br>
<p>Plantation workers were paid in as a source of income until the harvesting period was over. In sugar-growing areas like Terrebonne Parish, this was a method of retaining the work force as plantation owners feared the workers would leave during the harvest and leave plantations in a bind. Scrip was only accepted at plantation stores, such as, the Polmer stores.This allowed the workers to get everyday necessities they needed to live on. “Our first and strongest effort is to serve our patrons- to sell them everything they want to buy and save them money and all the trouble and worry we can.” This was an Ad from the Directory of the Parish of Terrebonne. “No matter what you want ask us first. It is our pleasure and business to think for you and work for you. –Polmer Bros.”</p><br>
<p>Leon Polmer was a businessman, so he ran the stores. Samuel Polmer was more of a politician and was known by most as “Uncle Sam”. He was a powerful part of Huey P. Long Regime, but both brothers played a major role in the highway that connects Thibodaux to Houma, and also the highway from Schriever to Morgan City, Louisiana.</p><br>
<p>After World War II, the stores became general stores for the surrounding areas. Most plantation stores rapidly declined, but the Polmer Stores continued with business. The brothers sold the stores in the 1940s, after nearly thirty years. The Central Polmer Store was sold to an employee, Vital Porche. Samuel died in 1940 and eleven years later Leon died, leaving behind his twin sons, Irvin and Mervin Polmer, to continue on the Polmer’s legacy. The twins continued caring for the Ducros Plantation and Irvin followed in his Uncle Samuel’s footsteps into politics. After the twins died, the Ducros plantation has been owned by Dr. Jacob L. Fischman and later to its most recent owners, the Bourgeois Family, since 1994. The Ducros Store burned down in 1989 and the stores, Bull Run and the Big Waubun, were torn down. The Central Store is the last Polmer Store standing today.</p><br>
<h2>Architecture</h2><br>
<p>The Central Polmer Store is a double door, one story, rectangular shaped building. The architecture style is known as vernacular architecture and was accommodated for Louisiana’s humid and wet climate. The architecture of the store includes high vaulted ceilings and an open wooden floor plan within the interior. The original shelving was glass, wooden frame cabinets and a large counter-top to display the merchandise. A rolling ladder is used to reach the merchandise on the high shelves. On the exterior of the green building there is a large porch in the front and wide white wooden trims that accent the plantation style building. Big wooden shutters protected the windows from the weather. Gravity gas pumps were added around the 1920s - 1930s. The other Polmer Stores had similar features as the Central Store. The Big Waubun Store also sold fresh refreshments to traveling customers from the railroad tracks.</p><br>
<h2>Today</h2><br>
<p>Today the Central Polmer Store is a small reminder of plantation life ranging from the 1880s to 1949 and is the only plantation store remaining in Terrebonne Parish. It is an easily recognizable building to locals as the green exterior building sits on Highway 311. It is now known as the and is an antique shop. It still holds the same characteristics as if it still was a plantation store.</p><br>
<p>Ojców Castle  - a castle located in the Kraków-Częstochowa Upland, part of a system of castles known as the Eagle&#39;s Nests  - formerly protecting the southern border of the Kingdom of Poland; currently housing a museum dedicated to the castle in its renovated castle-tower. The castle is located in the village of Ojców , Lesser Poland Voivodeship; in Poland.</p><br>
<p>The castle was used as a stronghold, built by Casimir III the Great in the second half of the fourteenth century.</p><br>
<p>The castle is located in the Ojcowski National Park.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>A legend mentions, that the caste was built by the Duke of Wrocław Wiesław I, Popiel&#39;s brother-in-law, however the first recorded information about the castle comes from the fourteenth century - linking up with King Casimir III the Great, who used the castle as part of his defensive line against the Kingdom of Bohemia and the south. The King was called the castle in honour of his father, Władysław I Łokietek, calling it Father by the Rock (Polish: Ociec u skały). In 1665 the stronghold was taken over by the Swedes, which they partially burned and deconstructed. The House of Koryciński, who owned the castle, had renovated it, and built additional living quarters. Various battles throughout the oncoming centuries had caused the castle to be shifted between different owners. Causing the castle to go through several cycles of renovation and deconstruction, currently the castle stands as the picturesque, and renovated ruin.</p><br>
<p>Actor and comedian Andrzej Grabowski wrote a statement about his visit:</p><br>
<p>Oporów Castle - a brick castle built in the Gothic architectural style in between 1434-1449 in the village of Oporów , and highly regarded religious leader Władysław Oporowski.</p><br>
<p>Formerly the castle was an important centre for the House of Oporowski of the Sulima Coat of Arms.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The first wooden stronghold located in Oporów was recorded in the fourteenth century. The castle is said to have been raised by Mikołaj Oporowski and his son Władysław Oporowski, a highly regarded political and religious leader in the Kingdom of Poland, which in 1428 took on the estate as his own. Up until the eighteenth century the castle was owned by several families: House of Sołołobów, Korzeniowski, Pociejów and the House Oborski. The residence had only once ever been hit by any sort of devastation - in 1657 the castle&#39;s top levels caught fire - however, all of the castle was reconstructed. In 1930 the castle was transferred to the Society of the Credit of Land in Warsaw (Polish: Towarzystwo Kredytowe Ziemskie w Warszawie). After World War II the castle was nationalised and reconstructed. In 1949 the castle began housing a museum.</p><br>
